Indoor Air Quality monitoring using low-cost sensors: Experimental set-up and characterization procedure

¹ INRiM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Turin, Italy
² DENERG, Department of Energy “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
³ Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 17 February 2026

Abstract

Monitoring indoor environmental quality is a key requirement for addressing challenges related to smart cities and human health, including indoor air quality. Traditionally, indoor air monitoring has relied on high-end instrumentation, limiting large-scale and widespread deployment. The increasing availability of low-cost sensors offers new opportunities for scalable monitoring systems, provided their metrological performance is properly characterised. In this context, the Italian PRIN project MIRABLE (Measurement Infrastructure for Research on Healthy and Zero Energy Buildings in Novel Living Lab Ecosystems), involving the Italian National Metrology Institute (INRiM) and the Politecnico di Torino, aims to develop a multidomain measurement infrastructure for indoor environments using low-cost sensors in a full-scale living laboratory. At INRiM, a dedicated calibration system was developed to ensure the metrological traceability of CO₂ and CO measurements obtained from low-cost sensors. Reference gas mixtures were prepared gravimetrically according to the International Standard ISO 6142-1 and dynamically diluted to reach low concentration levels. Calibration was carried out using a primary non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) reference analyser and a specially designed calibration chamber. This study presents calibration results for selected CO₂ low-cost sensors and a preliminary evaluation of measurement uncertainty. The same methodology will be extended to low-cost CO and NO_x sensors in future work.