CFD Analysis of the Aerodynamic Effects of the Pantograph Covering Structure on WAG-12 train

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT Bhopal University, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh- 466114, India

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 3 March 2026

Abstract

Pantographs on high-speed trains significantly impact aerodynamic performance, contributing to drag, turbulence, and energy loss. While prior studies address train aerodynamics broadly, limited research has focused on optimizing pantograph covering structures. This study addresses that gap by evaluating five pantograph fairing designs on the WAG-12 locomotive using CFD simulations. The models were developed in SolidWorks and Fusion 360 and analyzed in ANSYS Fluent under steady state conditions using the SST k-ω turbulence model. Key aerodynamic metrics - drag and lift coefficients were compared at highest speed of 120 km/h. Results indicate that Design 3, featuring a 35° inclined fairing with inward curvature, yielded the lowest drag (Cd = 0.2881) and lift (Cl = 0.062) values, this model was further tested at varying speeds (55 & 150 km/h). Design 3 maintained superior performance across all test speeds. These findings offer practical implications for enhancing train efficiency and stability through aerodynamic refinement of pantograph structures.