Augmented Reality-Based Computational Model for Interactive Force Simulation in Physics

¹ Physics Education Program Study, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
² Labschool Cibubur Senior High School, Jl. Raya Hankam Kampus Labschool No. 15-20, Bekasi 17432, West Java, Indonesia
³ Universitas Pancasakti Tegal, Indonesia
⁴ Primary School Teacher Education Program Study, Faculty of Islamic Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Alma Ata, Bantul, Indonesia
⁵ Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology, Philippines

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 2 July 2026

Abstract

This study presents the design, implementation, and technical validation of an Augmented Reality (AR)-based computational model for the dynamic visualization of force vectors in Newtonian mechanics. A primary challenge in physics instruction stems from representing abstract, non-observable force concepts, which frequently induce persistent spatial and conceptual misconceptions. To address this technical gap, we developed an AR platform leveraging the Unity 3D engine and the Vuforia SDK to generate precise 3D vector representations, enabling real-time manipulation of physical variables including magnitude, direction, and the point of force application. The system architecture reconfigures embedded physics solvers to execute Newtonian mechanics with mathematical rigor, delivering instantaneous visual feedback corresponding to changes in kinetic parameters. System validation demonstrated high frame rate stability (≥ 58 FPS), low input-to-photon latency < 45 ms), and exceptional computational accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE < 10⁻⁴ N). These empirical findings confirm that the proposed framework provides a robust, high-fidelity platform for bridging theoretical mathematical models with spatial perception in applied physics education.