Integrated multi-layer protection of bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging systems with emphasis on compliance with IEEE 1547 and 519 standards

Technical University of Košice, Department of Electric Power Engineering, 040 01 Masiarska 74 Kosice, Slovak republic

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Published online: 11 June 2026

Abstract

This paper proposes a comprehensive multi-layer protection architecture for bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems acting as distributed energy resources. The study addresses the integration challenges defined by IEEE 1547 (anti-islanding) and IEEE 519 (power quality) standards. The proposed solution integrates mandatory DC leakage protection (RCD Type B/RCM), hybrid circuit breakers (HCB) for ultra-fast DC fault interruption and coordinated AC/DC surge protection. The design is validated through normative analysis, time-response coordination logic, and economic ROI estimation. The results confirm that while advanced protection increases initial costs, it is critical for preventing catastrophic failures in high-power V2G applications.