Demand-side flexibility potential estimation using smart meter data

University of Žilina, Department of Power Systems and Electric Drives, Univerzitná 1, 010 08 Žilina, Slovakia

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Published online: 11 June 2026

Abstract

The increasing trend of renewable energy sources integration, particularly photovoltaic systems, presents both opportunities and challenges for modern power grids. While these sources contribute significantly to sustainable and low-carbon energy generation, their intermittent nature can lead to adverse grid effects – frequency fluctuations, voltage instability, and energy surpluses during peak generation periods. These can occur especially when demand does not align with supply. To address these challenges and enhance grid resilience, this paper investigates the concept of demand-side flexibility among industrial consumers as a viable solution. The primary objective is to determine the extent to which the consumers can offer flexibility based on measurement of total electricity consumption of a facility. Real-world data obtained from a smart meter, measured in 1-minute resolution, are used to assess flexibility potential. Statistical analysis of time-series data is employed to identify consumption patterns, trends and cycles. Fast Fourier Transform is used to uncover short- and long-term cycles in the data. The presented methods provide foundational insights into consumer behaviour. This can be leveraged for further thorough analysis of industrial consumers’ flexibility potential. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how demand-side management can support the integration of renewable energy and improve overall grid performance.