Heat transfer in viscous ternary hybrid nanofluid flow by curved surface through Cattaneo-Christov energy flux with induced magnetic field

¹ Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karakoram International University Main Campus, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan.
² Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Electric Power Systems and Management, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁴ Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 11 June 2026

Abstract

The present work examines magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer in a ternary hybrid nanofluid over a curved stretching surface, accounting for induced magnetic field effects and the Cattaneo– Christov heat flux model. The nanofluid consists of magnesium oxide, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and copper nanoparticles dispersed in water. Using boundary layer approximations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity variables. The resulting system is solved numerically using a finite difference scheme combined with a Successive Over-Relaxation algorithm. The influence of the magnetic parameter, curvature parameter, suction parameter, thermal relaxation parameter, and reciprocal magnetic number on velocity, temperature, induced magnetic field, skin friction, and Nusselt number is discussed. Magnetic effects are found to suppress velocity while increasing thermal distribution. Surface curvature and suction reduce both velocity and temperature profiles. The results highlight the coupled interaction between electromagnetic forces and non-Fourier heat transfer in curved MHD systems.