COMPARISON OF CFD SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW AFFECTED BY COANDA EFFECT

1. IMPORTANCE OF THE COANDA EFFECT Abstract: The article deals with experimental research and numerical simulations of specific phenomena in fluid flows called Coanda effect (CE), which has numerous important engineering applications. Although many researchers have concerned with wall jets, the physics of this flow still remains not well understood. This study is focused on analysis of behaviour of jet flow close to the wall and influence of its inclination. The flow has been visualized using smoke and velocity was measured by means of Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA). CFD simulations have been performed on the same geometry and compared with experiments in order to find a tool for correct prediction of the CE.


EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE
An experimental test bench was designed for the CE study.The duct (5) with rectangular nozzle (4) connected to the stable board (3) was used to produce the air jet which flows around an inclined adjustable board (2), see Fig. 1.The nozzle dimensions was: length a = 100 mm, width b = 15 mm.These dimensions, where b << a, were chosen as typical profile of ventilation system in vehicles.The elevation angle (measured from horizontal plane) was varied using the frame (1) from 0° to 65° in several steps (0°, 30°, 45°, 55°, 65°).The exit velocity of the air jet was set from 2 to 15 m/s the.The flow was considered as isothermal.The exit velocity was measured and controlled using CTA (Constant temperature anemometry) heated sphere probe connected to Testo 454 meter.The probe was placed horizontally at the middle of the nozzle and 1 mm above the nozzle.The smoke method was used for visualisation of the jet flow.The smoke was produced by smoke generator type JEM ZR22 and directly delivered into the fun suction side.The 50 mm wide, vertical light sheet, crossing the jet centreline was used to illuminate the jet and digital camera Canon 300 D with objective Canon EF 17-40 mm f/4 L USM was used for images capturing.The camera was arranged in perpendicular view to the light sheet and centred to the central point of the nozzle.Exposure time 1 sec., ISO 100 and aperture 7.1 was used throughout the experiment.About 20 photographs have been taken for each set up, and from them 10 high-quality photos were chosen for post-processing.A graphic editor was used to determine borders of the jet, based on the level of the brightness.Inclination angle of the left and right jet borders and position of the jet axis were located consequently on each of the image and averaged.The example of typical results is shown in Figure 2.

CFD MODEL
The geometry of the CFD model of was based on dimensions of the experimental stand and its location in the laboratory of ventilation.Three geometries with elevation angle of moveable board 55 °, 60 °, 65 °was defined.This inclinations were identify, based on results of measurements, as most promising for Coandova effect formation investigation.Model includes the air space between the boards of stand, the room ceiling and also geometry of inlet channel and nozzle geometry, see Figure 3.The distance between the ceiling and the horizontal board was more than 3 m, thus solving of the airflow pattern was not affected by the ceiling.The space near the nozzle, near wall areas inside the inlet tubes and stand boards are the most important areas with the greatest influence on the Coandova effect prediction and therefore requires the highest quality of mesh.With this in mind, the discretization of mesh was done as shown in Figure 3: the finer division of the mesh near the nozzle, near wall area filled with prismatic cells and coarser division in peripheral areas of the network domain.Calculations were performed in the Star-CCM+ code for various boundary conditions, which were base on outlet velocities from measurements.

COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTS RESULTS AND CFD PREDICTION OF COANDA EFFECT
The main aim of CFD simulation was correct prediction of jet behaviour and prediction of influence of Coanda effect.The comparison of main results is shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The example of qualitative results of smoke visualisation is presented in top row of Figure 4 for moveable board inclination 45°and 65°and outlet velocity 5 m/s.For inclination 45°the jet was not influenced by moveable board and Coanda effect was not observed.On the other hand, if inclination was 65°the jet was fully attached to the moveable board due to Coanda effect.The results from CFD simulations are shown in the bottom row for same boundary conditions as experiments in laboratory.As we can see, predicted behaviour was same as behaviour of real jet and attachment of jet to the moveable board appears for inclination 65°.The results for all measured cases for experiments and simulations are shown in Figure 5.In experiments -the moveable board elevation has been varied between 30°a nd 65° and exit jet velocity from 2 to 15 m/s, in CFD -the moveable board elevation 55°, 60°, 65° has been investigated and exit jet velocity was varied from 2 to 14 m/s.The jet inclination was significantly influenced by the angle of elevation of the moveable board and increase in the exit velocity affects turbulence intensity and causes wall jet inclination as well.This information is very important for correct prediction of CE.The jet for low elevation angles of moveable board is fully detached and it behaves like a free jet entraining fluid from the surroundings on both sides.The air entrained in the confined region between the jet and the wall is accelerated and because of 2-D character of the flow the under pressure is generated in this region.Consequently, for increased elevation The change from unattached to attached jet is sudden and happens for elevation angle of the moveable board higher than 55°.For elevation angle 60°the jet is completely attached for all exit velocities expect low velocities 2 and 4 m/s which shows unstable behaviour because of the lack of kinetic energy.For elevation angle 65°the jet is completely attached for all exit velocities.The behaviour of jet observed during real experiments was same as prediction from simulations.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Geometry of mesh for elevation angle 55°(left) and discretization of mesh around nozzle (right).The points define probes for post-processing.

EPJ
Web of Conferences 01015-p.4angles the jet curves toward the wall and reattaches to the wall as shown in Figures 5.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Angle of wall jet inclination from vertical plane -different exit velocities -measurements (left) and CFD (right)