Development of a Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer Prototype for Body Fat Mass Assessment

¹ Physics Study Programme, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jakarta State University, Jakarta, Indonesia, 13220
² Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta State University, Jakarta, Indonesia, 13220
³ Center of Excellence Artificial Intelligence for Learning and Optimization, Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia, 40252
⁴ Frenmed Inovasi Bangsa, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, 16414
⁵ Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
⁶ Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana
⁷ Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta (PNJ)

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 2 July 2026

Abstract

Obesity is a medical disorder considered by the excessive accumulation of body fat tissue. It is a risk factor for various diseases, including stroke, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and diabetes, which contribute to high mortality rates. Measurement of body fat mass is critical in assessing individual health risks. The Bioelectrical Resistance Analysis (BIA) is a widely used method for estimating body fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and body fat percentage (BF) by transmitting a low alternating electrical current at a specific frequency through the body and measuring the resulting current to determine body impedance. This impedance value is subsequently used to analyze body fat composition. The present study aims to develop a Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) prototype using the AD5933 module and an Arduino microcontroller. Frequency optimization (25 kHz, 50 kHz, and 100 kHz) as well as measurement method optimization (hand-to-hand, foot-to-foot, and hand-to-foot) were performed. The findings indicate that body fat percentage capacities using the hand-to-hand, foot-to-foot, and hand-to-foot methods at 50 kHz demonstrated greater stability compared to those obtained at 25 kHz and 100 kHz. Furthermore, at 50 kHz, the hand-to-hand method achieved an accuracy of 96.40%, the foot-to-foot method 97.71%, and the hand-to-foot method 97.96%. In conclusion, the development of a BIA prototype demonstrated that the hand-to-foot method at 50 kHz provided most optimal performance for body fat percentage measurement.