Issue |
EPJ Web of Conferences
Volume 102, 2015
Summer School “Protoplanetary Disks: Theory and Modeling Meet Observations”
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Article Number | 00015 | |
Number of page(s) | 27 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201510200015 | |
Published online | 23 September 2015 |
https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201510200015
Ionization and heating by X-rays and cosmic rays*
Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180, Vienna, Austria
Published online: 23 September 2015
High-energy radiation from the central T Tauri and protostars plays an important role in shaping protoplanetary disks and influences their evolution. Such radiation, in particular X-rays and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, is predominantly generated in unstable stellar magnetic fields (e.g., the stellar corona), but also in accretion hot spots. Even jets may produce X-ray emission. Cosmic rays, i.e., high-energy particles either from the interstellar space or from the star itself, are of crucial importance. Both highenergy photons and particles ionize disk gas and lead to heating. Ionization and heating subsequently drive chemical networks, and the products of these processes are accessible through observations of molecular line emission. Furthermore, ionization supports the magnetorotational instability and therefore drives disk accretion, while heating of the disk surface layers induces photoevaporative flows. Both processes are crucial for the dispersal of protoplanetary disks and therefore critical for the time scales of planet formation. This chapter introduces the basic physics of ionization and heating starting from a quantum mechanical viewpoint, then discusses relevant processes in astrophysical gases and their applications to protoplanetary disks, and finally summarizes some properties of the most important high-energy sources for protoplanetary disks.
© Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2015
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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