Low-energy M1 modes in germanium isotopes

¹ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
² Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA

^* e-mail: r.schwengner@hzdr.de
^** e-mail: Stefan.G.Frauendorf.1@nd.edu

Published online: 25 June 2025

Abstract

Magnetic dipole strength functions are determined for the series of germanium isotopes from N = 30 to 48 on the basis of a large number of transition strengths calculated within the shell model. The evolution of the strength with increasing neutron number in the 1g_9/2 orbital is analyzed. An enhancement toward low transition energy and a resonance in the region of the scissors mode are identified. The low-energy enhancement is strongest near closed shells, in particular at the almost completely filled 1g_9/2 orbital, while the scissorslike resonance is most pronounced in the middle of the open shell, which correlates with the magnitude of the also deduced electric quadrupole transition strengths. The results are consistent with previous findings for the shorter series of iron isotopes and prove the occurrence and correlation of the two low-lying magnetic dipole modes as a global structural feature.