Exploration of one-dimensional TiO₂ for efficient electron transporting layer

¹ Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119
² School of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan - 302017
³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai 600 117, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁴ Centre of Excellence for Energy Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 10 March 2026

Abstract

This study explores the parameters that, regulate and impact the crystallization process and morphology of electron-transporting layers, thereby enhancing photovoltaic performance. We developed a vertically aligned TiO₂ nanotubes (TiNTs) electron transporting layer to facilitate electron extraction from an absorber and to inhibit recombination between electrons in the fluorine-doped tin oxide and metal Ti. The electron transporting layer is essential for photon-to-electron conversion. This abstract presents the development of an electron transporting layer through sputtering followed by anodization at different potential. The key characterization techniques were employed to study the structural and optoelectronic properties. The anodization method has been utilized to develop TiO₂ nanostructured electron transport layers, studied the high optical transmittance (70-80%), anatase crystalline structure, the corresponding vibration Eg(145cm^-1), B_1g(397cm^-1) and an extensive surface area. The oxidation states were performed using XPS analysis. To ensure uniform thickness, sputtering parameters were optimized to regulate the thickness of the electron transport layer, resulting in effective electron extraction and hole blocking in thin film solar cell. This study emphasizes the significance of ETL geometry in optimizing device performance especially for photovoltaic applications.