Sustainable Green Synthesis of Supported Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/AgVO₃ Magnetic Nanocomposites for High-Efficiency Removal of Textile Dyes and Recyclable Environmental Remediation

¹ Environmental and water engineering department, College of Engineering, Wasit University,
² Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wasit University,

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 1 July 2026

Abstract

The synthetic color emissions from the rapidly expanding textile sector are becoming increasingly concerning. Because they are toxic, long-lasting, and difficult for the environment to break down, these dyes are a big hazard. In order to create environmentally friendly and magnetically recoverable nanoparticles for water-based dye removal, this research used a green synthesis method to create magnetic nanocomposites based on Fe₃O₄ that were coated with SiO₂ and AgVO_t. The nanocomposites were created in two distinct structural arrangements: supported and core-shell. Due to its emphasis on chemical reduction, the green synthesis pathway provided an improvement over conventional preparation methods in terms of safety. Because it improved structural stability and active site dispersion, inserting the SiO₂ interlayer enhanced functional performance.Methylene blue was utilized to evaluate the photocatalytic effectiveness of the synthesized nanocomposites as a model synthetic dye pollutant. Good removal capability was demonstrated by both the core-shell and supported designs, although the supported Fe_tO₄/SiO₂/AgVO_t nanocomposite outperformed the others due to the easier accessibility of reactive sites. To find the optimal conditions, we evaluated the effects of critical operating factors like light intensity, starting dye concentration, pH of the solution, nanocomposite dosage, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and reaction temperature in depth. Results from reusability tests, which demonstrated no degradation in performance over five cycles, provided further evidence of the nanocomposite's recyclability and durability. The degradation process was further clarified by conducting scavenger tests, which helped identify the reactive species that were most frequent. These nanoparticles offer a lot of potential as effective and environmentally safe instruments for restoring degraded ecosystems and enhancing wastewater treatment.