Prospects of heavy and superheavy element production via inelastic nucleus-nucleus collisions – from ²³⁸U+²³⁸U to¹⁸O+²⁵⁴Es

GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany

^a e-mail: m.schaedel@gsi.de

Published online: 1 December 2016

Abstract

Multi-nucleon transfer reactions, frequently termed deep-inelastic, between heavy-ion projectiles and actinide targets provide prospects to synthesize unknown isotopes of heavy actinides and superheavy elements with neutron numbers beyond present limits. The ²³⁸U on ²³⁸U reaction, which revealed essential aspects of those nuclear reactions leading to surviving heavy nuclides, mainly produced in 3n and 4n evaporation channels, is discussed in detail. Positions and widths of isotope distributions are compared. It is shown, as a general rule, that cross sections peak at irradiation energies about 10% above the Coulomb barrier. Heavy target nuclei are essential for maximizing cross sections. Experimental results from the ²³⁸U on ²⁴⁸Cm reaction, including empirical extrapolations, are compared with theoretical model calculations predicting relatively high cross sections for neutron-rich nuclei. Experiments to test the validity of such predictions are proposed. Comparisons between rather symmetric heavy-ion reactions like ²³⁸U on ²⁴⁸Cm (or heavier targets up to ²⁵⁴Es) with very asymmetric ones like ¹⁸O on ²⁵⁴Es reveal that the ones with ²³⁸U as a projectile have the highest potential in the superheavy element region while the latter ones can be advantageous for the synthesis of heavy actinide isotopes. Concepts for highly efficient recoil separators designed for transfer products are presented.