Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from a Population of Non-identical Sources

¹ Institutt for fysikk, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
² Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

^* Corresponding author: domenik.ehlert@ntnu.no

Published online: 28 April 2023

Abstract

Astrophysical candidates for the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) exhibit a large diversity in terms of their properties relevant for the acceleration of charged particles, such as luminosity, Lorentz factor, size and magnetic field. Yet, fits of the observed UHECR spectrum and composition often assume identical sources. Here we investigate a population of sources with a power-law distribution of maximum energies. We show that the allowed source-to-source variance of the maximum energy must be small to describe the UHECR data. Even in the most extreme scenario, with a very sharp cutoff of individual source spectra and negative redshift evolution of the accelerators, the maximum energies of 90% of sources must be identical within a factor of three – in contrast to the variance expected for astrophysical sources. However, the overall population variance can be large when maximum rigidities are distributed as a broken power law, with a steep decline above the break and with hard source spectra. In this scenario, most of the observed UHECR flux is produced by sources near the break.