Supramassive compact objects with neutron star and dark matter origin in the mass gap region

¹ Department of Theoretical Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
² Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University, Prague, 110 00, Czechia

^* e-mail: mvikiari@auth.gr

Published online: 8 October 2024

Abstract

To this day, the nature of dark matter (DM) remains elusive despite all our efforts. This type of matter has not been directly observed, so we infer its gravitational effect. Since galaxies and supermassive objects like these are most likely to contain DM, we assume that dense objects such as neutron stars (NSs) are also likely to host DM. The NS is considered the best natural laboratory for testing theories and collecting observational data. We mainly focus on two types of DM particles, fermions and bosons, with a mass range of [0.01–1.5] GeV and repulsive interactions of about [10⁻⁴–10⁻¹]MeV ⁻¹. Using a two-fluid model to solve the TOV equations, we find stable configurations that span hundreds of kilometers and weigh tens or even hundreds of solar masses. To visualize results, we propose the existence of a giant invisible compact DM object and the NS in the center as the core, the only visible part. Stability criteria are met for these configurations, so collapsing into a black hole is unlikely. We go further and use this work for smaller formations that exist inside the mysterious Mass Gap. We also find stable configurations of 3–4 solar masses, with NS-DM mixing capable of describing the mass gap. Regardless, the present theoretical prediction, if combined with corresponding observations, could shed light on the existence of DM and even more on its fundamental properties.