A Short Review On Automated and Semi-Automated Cleaning Systems for Photovoltaic Panels to Enhance Power Efficiency

¹ Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University; B.P 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
² National Centre for Nuclear Energy Science and Technology (CNESTEN); BP 1382 RP 10001 Rabat, Morocco
³ Energy and Building SARL AU; Avenue Ijtihad, Block J, No. 82, 3rd Floor Rabat 10000, Morocco

^* Correspondence: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Published online: 3 February 2026

Abstract

The efficiency of solar panels depends on both photovoltaic technology and operating conditions, including cell structure, material properties, and system design. Monocrystalline PV modules are currently the most widely used due to technological advances and their high photoelectric conversion efficiency. However, environmental soiling from dust and debris degrades performance by increasing surface contamination and inducing localized hotspots, while even limited partial shading can cause significant energy losses due to electrical mismatch within the module. Consequently, current research and industrial efforts focus on reducing soiling-related losses, improving long-term system reliability, and advancing photovoltaic technologies. Promising solutions include anti-soiling surface coatings and automated cleaning systems based on robotic and electrostatic methods, particularly suited to arid and dusty environments. In parallel, emerging technologies such as bifacial and perovskite PV modules offer opportunities for higher energy yield and enhanced scalability of solar power systems.