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EPJ Web of Conferences

Volume 210 (2019)

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays 2018 (UHECR 2018)

Paris, France, October 8-12, 2018
I. Lhenry-Yvon, J. Biteau, O. Deligny and P. Ghia (Eds.)

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Statement of Peer review

Published online: 17 May 2019

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Introduction: 100 years of cosmic rays

Open Access

The highest-energy cosmic-rays – the past, the present and the future 00001

Alan Watson

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921000001

Spectrum, Anisotropies, Mass Composition

Open Access

TA Spectrum 01001

Dmitri Ivanov

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001001

Open Access

Auger-TA energy spectrum working group report 01002

Tareq AbuZayyad, Olivier Deligny, Daisuke Ikeda, Dmitri Ivanov, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, Ioana Mariş, Daniela Mockler, Toshiyuki Nonaka, Markus Roth, Francesco Salamida et al. (6 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001002

Open Access

Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum derived from the Data of EAS Cherenkov Light Arrays in the Tunka Valley 01003

V. Prosin, I. Astapov, P. Bezyazeekov, A. Borodin, M. Brückner, N. Budnev, A. Chiavassa, A. Dyachok, O. Fedorov, A. Gafarov et al. (64 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001003

Open Access

TA Anisotropy Summary 01004

K. Kawata, A. di Matteo, T. Fujii, D. Ivanov, C.C.H. Jui, J.P. Lundquist, J.N. Matthews, S. Ogio, H. Sagawa, G.B. Thomson et al. (3 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001004

Open Access

Covering the celestial sphere at ultra-high energies: Full-sky cosmic-ray maps beyond the ankle and the flux suppression 01005

J. Biteau, T. Bister, L. Caccianiga, O. Deligny, A. di Matteo, T. Fujii, D. Harari, K. Kawata, D. Ivanov, J.P. Lundquist et al. (7 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001005

Open Access

Supergalactic Structure of Multiplets with the Telescope Array Surface Detector 01006

Jon Paul Lundquist and Pierre V. Sokolsky

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001006

Open Access

Investigating an angular correlation between nearby starburst galaxies and UHECRs with the Telescope Array experiment 01007

Armando di Matteo, Toshihiro Fujii and Kazumasa Kawata

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001007

Open Access

Measurements of UHECR Mass Composition by Telescope Array 01008

William Hanlon

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001008

Open Access

Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles: testing the compatibility of measurements performed at the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array experiment 01009

Alexey Yushkov, Jose Bellido, John Belz, Vitor de Souza, William Hanlon, Daisuke Ikeda, Pierre Sokolsky, Yoshiki Tsunesada, Michael Unger, for the Pierre Auger and Telescope Array collaborations

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001009

Hadronic Models

Open Access

High energy cosmic ray interactions and UHECR composition problem 02001

Sergey Ostapchenko

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002001

Open Access

Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory 02002

Lorenzo Cazon and on hehalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002002

Open Access

Hadronic interaction studied by TA 02003

Takashi Sako

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002003

Open Access

Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers 02004

H.P. Dembinski, J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez, L. Cazon, R. Conceição, J. Gonzalez, Y. Itow, D. Ivanov, N.N. Kalmykov, I. Karpikov, S. Müller et al. (19 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002004

Open Access

Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: Anomalies, QCD, and LHC data 02005

David d’Enterria

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002005

Open Access

Probing the π⁰ spectrum at high-x in proton-Air interactions at ultra-high energies 02006

Lorenzo Cazon, Ruben Conceição, Miguel Alexandre Martins and Felix Riehn

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002006

Open Access

Air showers, hadronic models, and muon production 02007

S. J. Sciutto

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002007

Open Access

EPOS 3 and Air Showers 02008

Tanguy Pierog, Benjamin Guiot, Iurii Karpenko, Gabriel Sophys, Maria Stefaniak and Klaus Werner

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002008

Open Access

Leading cluster approach to simulations of hadron collisions with GHOST generator 02009

Jean-Noël Capdevielle, Zbigniew Plebaniak, Barbara Szabelska and Jacek Szabelski

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002009

Open Access

Determination of the invisible energy of extensive air showers from the data collected at Pierre Auger Observatory 02010

Analisa G. Mariazzi and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002010

Open Access

CORSIKA 8 – Towards a modern framework for the simulation of extensive air showers 02011

Maximilian Reininghaus and Ralf Ulrich

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002011

Open Access

Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment 02012

R. Takeishi

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002012

Open Access

Direct Measurement of the Muon Density in Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory 02013

Sarah Müller and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002013

Open Access

Ultra high energy cosmic rays simulated with CONEX code 02014

Ghazala Lakel and Mohamed Cherif Talai

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002014

Open Access

Average shape of longitudinal shower profiles measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory 02015

Sofia Andringa and on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002015

Open Access

Preliminary results of the AMIGA engineering array at the Pierre Auger Observatory 02016

Alvaro Taboada and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002016

Muti-messenger

Open Access

High-energy emissions from neutron star mergers 03001

Shigeo S. Kimura

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003001

Open Access

Multi-messenger Astrophysics at Ultra-High Energy with the Pierre Auger Observatory 03002

Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003002

Open Access

Search for a correlation between the UHECRs measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array and the neutrino candidate events from IceCube and ANTARES 03003

J. Aublin, A. Coleiro, A. Kouchner, for the ANTARES Collaboration, I. Al Samarai, A. Barbano, T. Montaruli, L. Schumacher, C. Wiebusch, for the IceCube Collaboration et al. (8 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003003

Open Access

Latest results on high-energy cosmic neutrino searches with the ANTARES neutrino telescope 03004

Agustín Sánchez Losa

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003004

Open Access

Latest Cosmic Ray Results from IceTop and IceCube 03005

Karen Andeen and Matthias Plum

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003005

Open Access

High-Energy Neutrinos from Blazar Flares and Implications of TXS 0506+056 03006

Foteini Oikonomou, Kohta Murase and Maria Petropoulou

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003006

Phenomenology

Open Access

High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Radio Galaxies 04001

Björn Eichmann

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004001

Open Access

Cosmic ray acceleration to ultrahigh energy in radio galaxies 04002

James H. Matthews, Anthony R. Bell, Anabella T. Araudo and Katherine M. Blundell

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004002

Open Access

Transition from Galactic to Extragalactic Cosmic Rays 04003

M. Kachelrieß

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004003

Open Access

Origins of Extragalactic Cosmic Ray Nuclei by Contracting Alignment Patterns induced in the Galactic Magnetic Field 04004

Martin Erdmann, Lukas Geiger, David Schmidt, Martin Urban and Marcus Wirtz

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004004

Open Access

Progress in the Global Modeling of the Galactic Magnetic Field 04005

Michael Unger and Glennys Farrar

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004005

Open Access

On the maximum energy of protons in the hotspots of AGN jets 04006

Anabella T. Araudo, Anthony R. Bell, James Matthews and Katherine Blundell

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921004006

Detection Techniques

Open Access

NICHE: Air-Cherenkov observation at the TA site 05001

Douglas R. Bergman, Yoshiki Tsunesada, John F. Krizmanic and Yugo Omura

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005001

Open Access

Overview of the Auger@TA project and preliminary results from Phase I 05002

Fred Sarazin, Corbin Covault, Toshihiro Fujii, Robert Halliday, Jeﬀrey Johnsen, Ryan Lorek, Toshiyuki Nonaka, Sean Quinn, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Takashi Sako et al. (5 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005002

Open Access

Multi-wavelength observation of cosmic-ray air-showers with CODALEMA/EXTASIS 05003

Antony Escudie, Didier Charrier, Richard Dallier, Daniel García-Fernández, Alain Lecacheux, Lilian Martin and Benoît Revenu

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005003

Open Access

The Auger@TA Project: Phase II Progress and Plans 05004

Corbin Covault, Toshihiro Fujii, Robert Halliday, Jeffrey Johnsen, Ryan Lorek, Toshiyuki Nonaka, Sean Quinn, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Takashi Sako, Fred Sarazin et al. (5 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005004

Open Access

The Detection of UHECRs with the EUSO-TA Telescope 05005

F. Bisconti, J.W. Belz, M.E. Bertaina, M. Casolino, T. Ebisuzaki, J. Eser, J.N. Matthews, L.W. Piotrowski, Z. Plebaniak, H. Sagawa et al. (7 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005005

Open Access

Cloud distribution evaluated by the WRF model during the EUSO-SPB1 flight 05006

K Shinozaki, S Monte, S Ferrarese, M Manfrin, ME Bertaina, A Anzalone, F Bisconti, A Bruno, A Diaz, J Eser et al. (4 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005006

Open Access

Atmospheric Electricity Studies at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Signal Comparisons between Lightning and Cosmic Ray Events 05007

Kevin-Druis Merenda and on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005007

Open Access

Atmospheric aerosol attenuation effect on FD data analysis at the Pierre Auger Observatory 05008

Laura Valore and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005008

Open Access

Results from the first missions of the JEM-EUSO program 05009

Mario Bertaina

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005009

Open Access

Studies for high energy air shower identification using RF measurements with the ASTRONEU array 05010

Stavros Nonis, George Bourlis, Ioannis Gkialas, Antonios Leisos, Ioannis Manthos, Kostas Papageorgiou, Apostolos Tsirigotis and Spyros Tzamarias

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005010

Open Access

Radio detection of cosmic rays with the Auger Engineering Radio Array 05011

Tim Huege and on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005011

Open Access

Quality Control of High-Speed Photon Detectors 05012

Yusuke Inome, Yuji Sunada, Yuki Choshi, Masao Ichida, Razmik Mirzoyan, Hideyuki Ohoka, Takayuki Saito, Kinji Tamura, Masahiro Teshima and Tokonatsu Yamamoto

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005012

Open Access

A novel method for the absolute end-to-end calibration of the Auger fluorescence telescopes 05013

Hermann-Josef Mathes

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005013

Open Access

Simulation of the optical performance of the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes 05014

Miroslav Pech, Justin Albury, Jose A. Bellido, John Farmer, Toshihiro Fujii, Petr Hamal, Pavel Horvath, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Ladislav Chytka, Max Malacari et al. (9 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005014

Open Access

Development of the calibration device using UAV mounted UV-LED light source for the fluorescence detector 05015

Takayuki Tomida, Taichi Inadomi, Terutsugu Seki, Yuichiro Tameda, Yuya Oku and Kengo Sano

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005015

Open Access

Cloud monitoring system at Telescope Array site by Visible Fisheye CCD 05016

Ryo Nakamura, Takayuki Tomida, Yasunori Saito and Katsuya Yamazaki

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005016

Futur Detectors

Open Access

Status and prospects of the TAx4 experiment 06001

Eiji Kido

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006001

Open Access

AugerPrime: the Pierre Auger Observatory Upgrade 06002

Antonella Castellina and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006002

Open Access

A next-generation ground array for the detection of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) 06003

Toshihiro Fujii, Max Malacari, Justin Albury, Jose A. Bellido, Ladislav Chytka, John Farmer, Petr Hamal, Pavel Horvath, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Dusan Mandat et al. (9 more)

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006003

Open Access

Detection of ultra-high energy cosmic ray air showers by Cosmic Ray Air Fluorescence Fresnel lens Telescope for next generation 06004

Yuichiro Tameda, Mashu Yamamoto, Takayuki Tomida, Daisuke Ikeda, Katsuya Yamazaki, Hirokazu Iwakura, Yuya Nakamura and Yasunori Saito

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006004

Open Access

Precision measurements of cosmic rays up to the highest energies with a large radio array at the Pierre Auger Observatory 06005

Jörg R. Hörandel and for the Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006005

Open Access

Search for Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays with the TUS orbital telescope and comparison with ESAF 06006

Mario Bertaina, Antonella Castellina, Roberto Cremonini, Francesco Fenu, Pavel Klimov, Anthony Salsi, Sergey Sharakin, Kenji Shinozaki and Mikhail Zotov

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006006

Open Access

The GRAND project and GRANDProto300 experiment 06007

Olivier Martineau-Huynh

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006007

Open Access

POEMMA: Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics 06008

John Krizmanic

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006008

Open Access

A Scintillator and Radio Enhancement of the IceCube Surface Detector Array 06009

Andreas Haungs

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006009

Open Access

Scintillator Surface Detector simulations for AugerPrime 06010

David Schmidt and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006010

Open Access

Prospects of testing an UHECR single source class model with the K-EUSO orbital telescope 06011

Oleg Kalashev, Maxim Pshirkov and Mikhail Zotov

Published online: 17 May 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921006011

EPJ Web of Conferences

Volume 210 (2019)

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays 2018 (UHECR 2018)

Statement of Peer review

Introduction: 100 years of cosmic rays

The highest-energy cosmic-rays – the past, the present and the future 00001

Spectrum, Anisotropies, Mass Composition

TA Spectrum 01001

Auger-TA energy spectrum working group report 01002

Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum derived from the Data of EAS Cherenkov Light Arrays in the Tunka Valley 01003

TA Anisotropy Summary 01004

Covering the celestial sphere at ultra-high energies: Full-sky cosmic-ray maps beyond the ankle and the flux suppression 01005

Supergalactic Structure of Multiplets with the Telescope Array Surface Detector 01006

Investigating an angular correlation between nearby starburst galaxies and UHECRs with the Telescope Array experiment 01007

Measurements of UHECR Mass Composition by Telescope Array 01008

Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles: testing the compatibility of measurements performed at the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array experiment 01009

Hadronic Models

High energy cosmic ray interactions and UHECR composition problem 02001

Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory 02002

Hadronic interaction studied by TA 02003

Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers 02004

Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: Anomalies, QCD, and LHC data 02005

Probing the π0 spectrum at high-x in proton-Air interactions at ultra-high energies 02006

Air showers, hadronic models, and muon production 02007

EPOS 3 and Air Showers 02008

Leading cluster approach to simulations of hadron collisions with GHOST generator 02009

Determination of the invisible energy of extensive air showers from the data collected at Pierre Auger Observatory 02010

CORSIKA 8 – Towards a modern framework for the simulation of extensive air showers 02011

Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment 02012

Direct Measurement of the Muon Density in Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory 02013

Ultra high energy cosmic rays simulated with CONEX code 02014

Average shape of longitudinal shower profiles measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory 02015

Preliminary results of the AMIGA engineering array at the Pierre Auger Observatory 02016

Muti-messenger

High-energy emissions from neutron star mergers 03001

Multi-messenger Astrophysics at Ultra-High Energy with the Pierre Auger Observatory 03002

Search for a correlation between the UHECRs measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array and the neutrino candidate events from IceCube and ANTARES 03003

Latest results on high-energy cosmic neutrino searches with the ANTARES neutrino telescope 03004

Latest Cosmic Ray Results from IceTop and IceCube 03005

High-Energy Neutrinos from Blazar Flares and Implications of TXS 0506+056 03006

Phenomenology

High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Radio Galaxies 04001

Cosmic ray acceleration to ultrahigh energy in radio galaxies 04002

Transition from Galactic to Extragalactic Cosmic Rays 04003

Origins of Extragalactic Cosmic Ray Nuclei by Contracting Alignment Patterns induced in the Galactic Magnetic Field 04004

Progress in the Global Modeling of the Galactic Magnetic Field 04005

On the maximum energy of protons in the hotspots of AGN jets 04006

Detection Techniques

NICHE: Air-Cherenkov observation at the TA site 05001

Overview of the Auger@TA project and preliminary results from Phase I 05002

Multi-wavelength observation of cosmic-ray air-showers with CODALEMA/EXTASIS 05003

The Auger@TA Project: Phase II Progress and Plans 05004

The Detection of UHECRs with the EUSO-TA Telescope 05005

Cloud distribution evaluated by the WRF model during the EUSO-SPB1 flight 05006

Atmospheric Electricity Studies at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Signal Comparisons between Lightning and Cosmic Ray Events 05007

Atmospheric aerosol attenuation effect on FD data analysis at the Pierre Auger Observatory 05008

Results from the first missions of the JEM-EUSO program 05009

Studies for high energy air shower identification using RF measurements with the ASTRONEU array 05010

Radio detection of cosmic rays with the Auger Engineering Radio Array 05011

Quality Control of High-Speed Photon Detectors 05012

A novel method for the absolute end-to-end calibration of the Auger fluorescence telescopes 05013

Simulation of the optical performance of the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes 05014

Development of the calibration device using UAV mounted UV-LED light source for the fluorescence detector 05015

Cloud monitoring system at Telescope Array site by Visible Fisheye CCD 05016

Futur Detectors

Status and prospects of the TAx4 experiment 06001

AugerPrime: the Pierre Auger Observatory Upgrade 06002

A next-generation ground array for the detection of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) 06003

Detection of ultra-high energy cosmic ray air showers by Cosmic Ray Air Fluorescence Fresnel lens Telescope for next generation 06004

Precision measurements of cosmic rays up to the highest energies with a large radio array at the Pierre Auger Observatory 06005

Search for Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays with the TUS orbital telescope and comparison with ESAF 06006

The GRAND project and GRANDProto300 experiment 06007

POEMMA: Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics 06008

A Scintillator and Radio Enhancement of the IceCube Surface Detector Array 06009

Scintillator Surface Detector simulations for AugerPrime 06010

Prospects of testing an UHECR single source class model with the K-EUSO orbital telescope 06011

Probing the π⁰ spectrum at high-x in proton-Air interactions at ultra-high energies 02006